What is GIS?

A framework to organise, communicate and understand the science of our world

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Definition of GIS

A geographic information system (GIS) is a framework for gathering, managing, and analyzing data. Rooted in the science of geography, GIS integrates many types of data. It analyzes spatial location and organizes layers of information into visualizations using maps and 3D scenes. ​With this unique capability, GIS reveals deeper insights into data, such as patterns, relationships, and situations. By integrating spatial data with mapping technology, GIS empowers users to make smarter and informed decisions.

What is the History of GIS?

While the concept of spatial representation stretches back to early civilizations with maps and drawings, the modern era of GIS began in the 1960s with the rise of computers. Pioneering projects like Canada's CGIS laid the groundwork for capturing, storing, analysing, and visualising geographic data. Early GIS was expensive and complex, but advancements in the 1990s with user-friendly software, processing power, and remote sensing data integration led to wider adoption. Today, GIS is a cornerstone for numerous fields, and the future holds promise for even more sophisticated analysis, real-time data integration, and powerful decision-making tools through advancements in AI and machine learning.

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How is GIS used?

Hundreds of thousands of organizations in virtually every field are using GIS to make maps that communicate, perform analysis, share information, and solve complex problems around the world. This is changing the way the world works.

A colorful vertical concentration map overlaid on a grayscale contour map Identify problems

Illuminate issues that are driven by geography. In this story, maps and visualizations connect present-day environmental inequalities to redlining policies.

Explore the redlining story
A concentration map of parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa with glowing golden clusters on a purple and black background Monitor change

Visualize and communicate change. This story uses maps to show how humans impact our warming planet and shares what we can do to create a more sustainable future.

Explore the climate story
A concentration map of Wuhan, China, with clusters shown in teal on a white background Manage and respond to events

GIS delivers real-time situational awareness. The maps in this story help us understand the spread of COVID-19 and the global impact of the pandemic.

Explore the COVID-19 story
A colorful map of Norfolk, VA with water-adjacent buildings and roads shaded red and yellow Perform forecasting

The maps in this story reveal how coastal communities are impacted by sea level rise and explore data that can help us predict and prepare for flooding.

Explore the flooding story
A contour map of midwestern U.S. in lime green and purple on a black background Set priorities

By analyzing soil health, farmers can determine when and where to plant certain crops, maximizing yield while minimizing environmental impact.

Discover how farmers use GIS
A bar graph and line graph alongside a corresponding U.S. concentration map in blue and white Understand trends

Visualize data with GIS to gain insights that might be missed in a spreadsheet. This story uses maps to understand bird populations and migration routes.

See how GIS can map migration

How GIS Works

GIS technology applies geographic science with tools for understanding and collaboration. It helps people reach a common goal: to gain actionable intelligence from all types of data.

  • Illustration of data layered over land

    Maps

    Maps are the geographic container for the data layers and analytics you want to work with. GIS maps are easily shared and embedded in apps, and accessible by virtually everyone, everywhere.
    Read about maps in The ArcGIS Book
  • Illustration of data integrated with land

    Data

    GIS integrates many different kinds of data layers using spatial location. Most data has a geographic component. GIS data includes imagery, features, and basemaps linked to spreadsheets and tables.
    Read about data in The ArcGIS Book
  • Illustration of location marker with data pinpointed on land

    Analysis

    Spatial analysis lets you evaluate suitability and capability, estimate and predict, interpret and understand, and much more, lending new perspectives to your insight and decision-making.
    Read about Analysis in The ArcGIS Book
  • Illustration with multiple devices

    Apps

    Apps provide focused user experiences for getting work done and bringing GIS to life for everyone. GIS apps work virtually everywhere: on your mobile phones, tablets, in web browsers, and on desktops.
    Read about GIS Apps in The ArcGIS Book
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Applications of GIS

Esri India recognizes the transformative power of Geographic Information System (GIS) across diverse industries. From urban planning and environmental management to transportation and public health, GIS empowers professionals with a comprehensive view of their spatial data.
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      GIS Showcase

      Discover interactive maps and visualizations created with GIS that inform, engage, and inspire.
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      History of GIS

      Explore the evolution of GIS from a rudimentary tool to a comprehensive platform for designing a smarter world.
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      GIS Careers

      Learn how GIS professionals qualify for occupations in countless fields.
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      GIS Resources

      Find resources for expanding your knowledge about GIS.
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